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Chap1 Introduction

Embedded computing system: any device that includes a programmable computer but is not itself a general-purpose computer

嵌入式计算系统：指包含可编程计算机（通常是微处理器）的任何设备，但其本身并不是通用计算机

Characteristics of embedded system: sophisticated functionality、reliable、real-time operation、high performance、low manufacturing cost、low power、safe and secure

其特点是：面向应用，对执行速度、可靠性、功耗等要求高，往往成本敏感，设计周期短；基本系统、I/O 模块、传感器、执行机构、电源、通信模块等组成；技术发展趋势是多核、网络化、智能

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Contradictory Requirements of CPS

  • Integration: Cyber + Physical、Computation + Dynamics、Security + Safety

  • Contradiction:

    • adaptablity( 适应性 ) vs. repeatablity( 重复性 )
    • high connectivity( 高连接性 ) vs. security( 安全 ) and privacy( 隐私 )
    • high performance( 高性能 ) vs. low energy( 低能耗 )
    • asynchrony( 异步 ) vs. coordination( 协调 )/cooperation( 合作 )
    • scalability( 可扩展性 ) vs. reliablity( 可靠性 ) and predictablity( 可预测性 )
    • laws and regulations( 法律法规 ) vs. technical possibilities( 技术可能性 )
    • economies of scale(clound)( 规模经济 ) vs. locality(fog)( 本地性 )
    • open( 开放 ) vs. proprietary( 专有 )
    • algorithms( 算法 ) vs. dynamics( 动力 )

  • Innovation: Cyber-Physical systems requires new engineering methods and models to address these contradictions

real-time operation

  • Must finish operations by deadlines
    • Hard real time: missing ddl causes failure
    • Soft real time: missing ddl results in degraded performance
  • Many systems are multi-rate: must handle operations at widely varing rates

嵌入式系统基本结构

  • 硬件：嵌入式核心芯片、内存系统、外部接口
  • 软件：嵌入式操作系统（Embedded Operating System）、应用软件、板级支持包（board support package, BSP）
  • 层次结构：无法显示

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